This chapter examines space weather, which is associated with everything else other than ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation that the Sun sends to the Earth.  Space weather is the concluding topic associated with the Sun’s energy.

The remainder of this chapter discusses air pressure and wind.  Wind is a result of differences in pressure.  Obviously, wind is a fundamental concept associated with weather, which makes pressures a fundamental concept too.  The forces associated with pressure are examined and how these forces combine to create the wind we have all experienced.

Once a learner has completed this chapter, they will be able to:

1. Describe impacts associated with space weather.

2. Explain how surface pressure is measured and compared at multiple locations.

3. Understand how pressure gradients in the upper atmosphere are mapped.

4. Explain the forces that affect wind speed and direction.

5. Describe the vertical motions associated with cyclones and anticyclones.